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        "date_start":"2025-06-12",
        "date_end":"2025-06-12",
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        "event_title":"Swap Shop Birthday Party",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Swap Shop Birthday Party",
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        "event_type":"Social \/ Informal Gathering",
        "event_type_id":"19",
        "description":"The Lab Swap Shop, launched in June 2024, serves as a physical location where excess lab consummables, glassware, equipment, and more can be rehomed within the U-M research community. Join us on June 12th from 1-4pm in room 5004 of the North University Building to celebrate a successful first year of the shop where more than 9,300 lbs of supplies was kept out of the landfill. Bring the Swap Shop a birthday present of surplus lab supplies, take a break with arts and craft activities, take home a free air plant while supplies last, and enjoy a slice of birthday cake! Check out our inventory to get an idea of available items!",
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        "website":"https:\/\/ocs.umich.edu\/programs\/waste-reduction\/lab-reuse\/",
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                "url":"https:\/\/ocs.umich.edu\/programs\/waste-reduction\/lab-reuse\/",
                "title":"Lab Reuse Program"
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                "url":"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1KL_Plmq5qlHBi6PZy8NPzr2CV2ZfsIRs1iERqKN6VDI\/edit?usp=sharing",
                "title":"Swap Shop Inventory"
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        "datetime_start":"20250721T120000",
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        "event_title":"Yang Li Dissertation Defense",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Yang Li Dissertation Defense: Advancing Urban Seismic Imaging and Monitoring Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing",
        "event_subtitle":"Advancing Urban Seismic Imaging and Monitoring Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"Seismic hazards present significant risks to urban areas, especially those built on soft sediments that amplify ground motion. Accurate assessment and mitigation of these risks require dense, high-resolution imaging and continuous monitoring of the shallow subsurface. However, conventional seismic networks are often limited in urban settings due to high costs, sparse coverage, and logistical constraints. These limitations hinder our ability to characterize site effects, monitor subsurface changes, and develop effective mitigation strategies. Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) has emerged as a transformative solution, repurposing existing fiber-optic telecom cables into dense arrays of seismic sensors. DAS enables scalable, cost-effective, and non-invasive seismic data acquisition with meter-scale spatial resolution, making it well-suited for dense urban environments. Despite its potential, DAS presents distinct challenges for urban seismic applications. Because telecom cables are not designed with geophysical monitoring in mind, researchers often lack detailed information about the fiber layout, coupling conditions, and burial depth. These unknowns can degrade data quality and introduce uncertainty in the spatial accuracy of seismic measurements. Additionally, DAS generally exhibits lower signal-to-noise ratios compared to traditional geophones, particularly in noisy urban settings. Another fundamental limitation is DAS\u2019s directional sensitivity: DAS measures axial strain along fiber, making it less responsive to seismic waves arriving at angles not aligned with the fiber, which can result in incomplete wavefield capture. This thesis addresses these challenges through three targeted investigations aimed at enhancing the utility of DAS for urban seismic imaging and monitoring. These investigations bridge the gap between theoretical DAS capabilities and practical urban applications, offering a framework for using telecom fiber networks as long-term, distributed seismic observatories in cities.\r\n\r\nIn Chapter 2, we investigate the shallow shear-wave velocity (Vs) structure of Granada, Spain, a region of moderate seismicity but high hazard due to shallow soft sediments amplifying ground motion. Using a two-day DAS deployment (August 26-27, 2020) along a telecom fiber with complex geometry, we address challenges such as urban noise and limited recording duration. An ad-hoc processing scheme incorporating frequency-wavenumber filtering enhances virtual shot gathers and multi-mode dispersion images from ambient seismic noise interferometry. We are able to employ this dataset to generate several Vs profiles for different sections of the cable. The resulting Vs profiles show a shallow low-velocity layer (150-300 m\/s) corresponding to alluvial deposits, transitioning to weathered metamorphic bedrock (>800 m\/s) at depth. These profiles align with local geological conditions, demonstrating DAS\u2019s capability for soil characterization and seismic microzonation in urban areas.\r\n\r\nIn Chapter 3, we examine the near-surface Vs structure in the hill zone of Mexico City through a joint inversion of Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion curves extracted from DAS ambient noise data. We first perform angular response analysis to identify channel pairs with optimal sensitivity to both Rayleigh and Love waves. We then extract phase and group velocity dispersion curves using DAS recorded ambient seismic noise, and jointly invert them using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo framework to constrain Vs structure to 300 m depth. Notably, the joint inversion approach enhances the resolution of subsurface interfaces around 25-m depth, which are poorly resolved in inversions using Rayleigh or Love waves only. Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion data contribute complementary sensitivity to the model: Love waves constrain the shallow structure (0-100 m), while Rayleigh waves provide information on deeper layers (up to \u223c300 m). This combined sensitivity results in a more robust and stable velocity model. Our results demonstrate the potential of DAS-enabled joint inversion in capturing fine-scale subsurface structure, particularly in complex urban environments with challenging wavefield conditions.",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Silvia Newell",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Silvia Newell: Nitrogen as a driver of harmful algal blooms",
        "event_subtitle":"Nitrogen as a driver of harmful algal blooms",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
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        "description":"Nutrient management is a critical part of addressing the harmful algal bloom (HAB) crisis sweeping across the globe.Lake Erie, like many large, shallow lakes, suffers from annual cyanobacterial HABs. While phosphorus   to the western basin are codified, none exist for nitrogen (a key component of toxin structure and biomass), in part due to lack of information about processing rates.This talk will discuss the knowledge gaps for nitrogen cycling in Lake Erie and the ways my research group has worked to fill those gaps over the last decade, including evaluating external and internal nitrogen loading and removal. Additionally, we are working to address a major knowledge gap\u2014creating a predictive model for toxin concentrations\u2014by applying internal and external nutrient processing rates and loads.",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Junjie Dong",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Junjie Dong: Storage and Distribution of Water in Earth\u2019s Mantle",
        "event_subtitle":"Storage and Distribution of Water in Earth\u2019s Mantle",
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        "description":"Water is fundamental to the Earth\u2019s surface environment. Volcanic outgassing and subduction recycling connect the deep interior with the atmosphere and oceans, shaping the planet\u2019s long-term habitability. Surface oceans and mantle water are not separate reservoirs; they are inherently linked to the planet\u2019s thermal and redox evolution.\r\n\r\nIn this talk, I will trace the storage and distribution of water in the mantle. Our earlier work showed that the capacity of the mantle to hold water depends strongly on temperature. A hotter Archean mantle could have held less water than the mantle actually contains today, suggesting that Earth's early surface might have been covered by larger oceans. The interplay between mantle cooling, water cycling, and sea-level stability highlights the importance of the mantle as a dynamic water reservoir. More recently, we examined how the disproportionation of iron in silicate minerals further regulates mantle water distribution. As the mantle becomes increasingly reduced with depth, metallic iron stabilizes and reacts with structural water in nominally anhydrous minerals, producing reduced hydrogen species such as molten FeHx or fluid H\u2082. This water\u2013iron reaction prevents hydration of mantle silicates and drives hydrogen into metal-rich reservoirs, thereby altering the form and location of water in the mantle.\r\n\r\nTogether, this research provides a framework for understanding how much water the mantle can store and where it resides. The results suggest that the coevolution of water with Earth\u2019s thermal and redox states governs its deep storage, distribution, and cycling, and, by extension, ocean volume, atmospheric composition, and the long-term redox evolution of the planet.",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Rebecca Robinson: Using modern Southern Ocean field and culture data to validate paleo nutrient reconstructions",
        "event_subtitle":"Using modern Southern Ocean field and culture data to validate paleo nutrient reconstructions",
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        "description":"The origins of the glacial-interglacial timescale changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide observed in ice cores spanning the last million years is a decades long debate in the earth and ocean sciences. Reconstructions of nutrient drawdown in the Southern Ocean have figured prominently in most data driven explanations for ocean uptake of carbon dioxide during ice ages. Amongst these reconstructions, diatom-bound nitrogen isotope records of nutrient drawdown in the surface ocean are both abundant and considered robust. Groundtruthing of the diatom nitrogen isotope proxy is ongoing.",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Donald Canfield",
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        "event_title":"EARTH Career Conversations",
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        "description":"How many published papers do you need? Do you need teaching experience? How much?  \r\nHow do you network to get your name out there?\r\nDo you need a postdoc? Does it matter where? Or is with whom more important?\r\nCan you just do what your PhD advisor does?\r\n\r\nPlease join us for a conversation with EARTH alumni who have served as Department Chair at Research-1 (R1) universities and led the search for and hiring of several dozen early career faculty. \r\n\r\n*Please note: this event is geared towards graduate students, but all are welcome!\r\n\r\nTracy Frank runs a research and teaching program focused on carbonate sedimentology and petrography, low temperature geochemistry, paleoclimate, and paleoceanography with a special interest in mass extinctions. She spent two years at Penn State as an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow before moving to her first faculty position at the University of Queensland in Australia. She then moved to the University of Nebraska where she was Rosowski Professor and Chair. Tracy is now department chair at the University of Connecticut. She was a Fulbright Scholar in Ireland in 2019.\r\n\r\nJohn Geissman runs a research and teaching program focused on the structural evolution of the Basin and Range Province, Triassic paleomagnetism and magnetostratigraphy of the Colorado Plateau, and deformation in the Himalaya. John spent two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Toronto before starting his faculty career at the Colorado School of Mines. He then moved to the University of New Mexico and was department chair at the University of Texas at Dallas. John served as President of the Geological Society of America in 2011-2012 and in various advisory roles for the National Science Foundation.",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Pia Viglietti",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Pia Viglietti: Recovery after catastrophe: Lessons from survivors of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction event",
        "event_subtitle":"Recovery after catastrophe: Lessons from survivors of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction event",
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        "description":"The Permo-Triassic mass extinction (PTME) profoundly reshaped terrestrial ecosystems, yet the mechanisms driving survival and recovery remain poorly understood. South Africa\u2019s Karoo Basin preserves an exceptional fossil record of this transition, offering a unique opportunity to investigate vertebrate community responses to extreme environmental change. I will discuss some of the hypotheses I am currently testing about the timing and drivers of mass extinction recovery, and some preliminary results. These include some detrital zircon geochronology, which refine the traditional placement of the Permo-Triassic boundary, and support a synchronous extinction event across the basin. The paleobiological insights of the \u201cDistaster taxon\u201d Lystrosaurus, such as juvenile aggregation, burrowing, growth and life history patterns and broad environmental tolerance may have all been factors that contributed to its success during a prolonged biodiversity crisis. Body size analyses support a pronounced \"Lilliput effect,\" with smaller-bodied taxa dominating Early Triassic assemblages, suggesting smaller faunivores and burrowers were robust to the effects of the extinction. Food web reconstructions indicate reduced community stability post-extinction, with true recovery delayed until the Middle Triassic. These findings provide critical insights into the origin and evolution of the dominant tetrapods of the Mesozoic (e.g., archosaurs, mammaliaforms) and today (e.g., birds, crocodilians, mammals). They also highlight the interplay of climatic stressors and biotic interactions in shaping past and present biodiversity crises.",
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        "event_title":"Spooky Lab Swap Shop",
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        "description":"Join us for this annual spooooky event to get free lab supplies, free food, and join in art activities using old glass and plasticware. Costumes are encouraged! \r\n\r\nThe Lab Reuse program enables researchers to access free and surplus chemicals, lab equipment, and materials to be used in other campus labs rather than being sent out for disposal. Check out our inventory online before you come in - chemicals are not located here but are in our Door-to-Door catalog.\r\n\r\nQuestions? Reach out to sustainable-labs@umich.edu.",
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        "event_title":"Julia Campbell Dissertation Defense",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Julia Campbell Dissertation Defense: Modeling Changes to the Hydrological Cycle, Carbon Cycle, and Climate Sensitivity in Past Warm Climates",
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        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"Earth System Models (ESMs) are advanced numerical tools that enable researchers to evaluate responses in the Earth\u2019s system to deliberate changes in climate forcings and boundary conditions, like greenhouse gas concentration, orbit, and continental configuration. Through simulations of past warm climates, we can measure shifts in temperature, the hydrological cycle, or the carbon cycle that may offer insights into modern warming trajectories and model biases. This dissertation examines changes in atmospheric and marine processes in response to warming across novel simulations of past climates with environmental proxy data to further understand the Earth system under elevated CO2 levels.\r\n\r\nIn Chapter 2, we investigate the orbital sensitivity of Earth\u2019s hydrological cycle under different CO2 background states within an Early Eocene setting by conducting water isotope-enabled Community Earth System Model (CESM) simulations at 3x and 6x pre-industrial (PI) CO2 levels. This chapter suggests that seasonal hydrological responses to orbital changes are greater than CO2-driven changes in several regions \u2013 with these orbital differences more pronounced in lower CO2 climates \u2013 and, therefore, the orbit in place during proxy archive formation can provide critical context for interpreting oxygen isotopic signals.\r\n\r\nIn Chapter 3, we explore equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) across CESM slab ocean model (SOM) simulations of four distinct past climate intervals: the late Cretaceous (~90 Ma), the early Eocene (~55 Ma), the late Oligocene (~25 Ma), and PI. We analyze the contributions of model boundary conditions, like CO2 state, geography, and ocean heat transport (OHT), to ECS differences and decompose the total climate feedback parameter in order to provide new constraints on ECS sensitivity and variability through Earth\u2019s history. \r\n\r\nIn Chapter 4, we simulate the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO) at pre-MCO 280 ppm CO2 and MCO 560 ppm CO2 levels using CESM coupled with the Marine Biogeochemistry Library (MARBL) to study phytoplankton community structure and marine primary productivity shifts during this recent warm period. We find that an elevated CO2 level leads to surface warming, sea ice melt, weakened overturning, inhibited upwelling, and changes in nutrient distribution. These consequences result in poleward migration and increased productivity by small phytoplankton and decreased productivity by larger diatoms.\r\n\r\nTogether, the results of this dissertation demonstrate the value of advanced ESM simulations, particularly when analyzed alongside empirical data, in determining potential hydrological, radiative, or biogeochemical alterations in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations throughout Earth\u2019s history.",
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        "datetime_modified":"20251024T102441",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Emily Troyer",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Emily Troyer: Shedding light on the unseen: Evolutionary insights from the fish fossil record",
        "event_subtitle":"Shedding light on the unseen: Evolutionary insights from the fish fossil record",
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        "description":"The fossil record offers unique insights into evolutionary patterns that cannot be inferred from living species alone. Fossils provide a critical temporal element to macroevolutionary studies, allowing us to strengthen phylogenetic inferences, document morphological change through time, and directly calibrate divergence events. My past research lies at the intersection of phylogeny, phenotype, and time, relying extensively on fossil specimens to detect patterns of morphological change over deep time. In one study, using tetraodontiform fishes (pufferfishes and relatives) as a model system, I combined phylogenomic data, paleoclimatic records, and body size measurements from living and fossil species to test long-standing macroevolutionary hypotheses of body size evolution. These analyses revealed that increasing body size correlates with cooling ocean temperatures through time, providing strong support for both Bergmann\u2019s and Cope\u2019s rules in marine fishes. In another study, I used 3D morphological data from exceptionally preserved fossil jaws of early bony fishes (423\u2013359 Ma) to uncover an adaptive radiation that was driven primarily by lungfishes and coelacanths, standing in contrast to their \u201cliving fossil\u201d descendants of today. Together, these studies highlight how fossils capture often unseen evolutionary dynamics and underscore the importance of paleontological data for understanding evolutionary diversification.",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Emmy Smith: Stratigraphic constraints on early animal evolution",
        "event_subtitle":"Stratigraphic constraints on early animal evolution",
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        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"Since Darwin first noted the seemingly abrupt appearance of fossils in Cambrian strata, the cause and tempo of the \u2018Cambrian Explosion\u2019 has remained one of Earth Science\u2019s most provocative research topics. Contrary to Darwin\u2019s hypothesis that this phenomenon reflected a largely eroded and imperfect geological record, scientists have spent the past 70 years unraveling a diverse Precambrian biosphere characterized by the deep roots of eukaryotic evolution. Now, it is generally agreed that the Neoproterozoic origins of animals and multicellularity are at least partly related to genetic challenges (e.g., Butterfield, 2018); however, the simultaneous explosion in body size, morphological features, and skeletonization in the Cambrian is almost certainly the result of external \u201ctriggers\u201d (e.g., Erwin et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2014; Schiffbauer et al., 2016), the nature of which have been widely debated. Mechanistic hypotheses for the Cambrian radiation have ranged from ecological concepts, such as ecosystem engineering (Butterfield, 2011; Erwin and Tweedt, 2012; Butterfield, 2018), changes in resource patchiness (Budd and Jensen, 2017), or organism-organism interactions (Peterson et al., 2005; Marshall, 2006; Schiffbauer et al., 2016), to environmental parameters like marine oxygenation (e.g., Sperling et al., 2013), changes in global seawater chemistry (Peters and Gaines, 2012), an increase in nutrient or food resources (Cook and Shergold, 1984; Sperling and Stockey, 2018), or true polar wander (Mitchell et al., 2015). Despite the diversity of these hypotheses, the question of timing has consistently surfaced as a critical component in evaluating the proposed drivers of the Cambrian radiation.",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Jida Wang",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Jida Wang: Tracking lake water resources in the Anthropocene: from infrastructure data to societal indications",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Emily Zakem: Linking Microbes and Biogeochemistry: Understanding Microbially Driven Biogeochemical Cycling at Large Scales",
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        "event_title":"Daeun Lee Dissertation Defense",
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        "combined_title":"Daeun Lee Dissertation Defense: Decoupling Climate Signals: Ocean Equilibria, Tectonic Uplift, and Hydroclimate Dynamics from the Miocene to Modern Africa",
        "event_subtitle":"Decoupling Climate Signals: Ocean Equilibria, Tectonic Uplift, and Hydroclimate Dynamics from the Miocene to Modern Africa",
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        "description":"Africa\u2019s hydroclimate and environments from the Miocene (~23\u20135 million years ago) to present-day have been shaped by dynamic interactions among ocean circulation, tectonic evolution, atmospheric chemistry, and hydroclimatic processes. Understanding these shifts offers vital context for reconstructing ancient environments and the evolution of tropical ecosystems. However, persisting challenges remain in explaining the decoupling of global climate signals from regional hydrology, especially in Africa, a continent central to human evolution and biodiversity.\r\n\r\nThis dissertation integrates climate modeling, proxy analyses, and novel isotope measurements to investigate: (1) how multiple equilibrium states in ocean circulation, particularly the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), contribute to the decoupling of atmospheric CO\u2082 and regional climate signals during the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT); (2) the impact of tectonic uplift and valley formation within the East African Rift System (EARS) on Miocene rainfall patterns, moisture transport, and water-isotope signals, and the influence of AMOC on African hydroclimate; and (3) the seasonal and spatial controls on modern rainwater isotopic composition across tropical Africa, improving proxy calibration for paleoclimate reconstructions.\r\n\r\nChapter 2 focuses on the global perspective, investigating how multiple equilibrium states in ocean circulation, particularly the AMOC, contribute to the decoupling of atmospheric CO\u2082 and regional climate signals during the MMCT. MMCT simulations, using the isotope-enabled Community Earth System Model (iCESM), reveal that initial ocean conditions induce divergent equilibrium states that modulate AMOC strength, sea surface temperature gradients, and precipitation. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the frequent asynchrony observed between global pCO\u2082 and regional SST proxies (UK'37) during the Miocene.\r\n\r\nChapter 3 zooms into Africa to identify the driving mechanisms of flora and faunal changes during the Late Cenozoic (23\u201315 million years ago), by examining the impact of tectonic uplift and valley formation within the EARS on Miocene rainfall patterns, moisture transport, and water-isotope signals. High-resolution paleoclimate modeling demonstrates how sequential tectonic uplift amplifies orographic precipitation, intensifies low-level jets, generates rain-shadow effects, and modulates water-isotope signatures; these simulated results can be validated against regional proxy archives (e.g., leaf-wax \u03b4D, paleosol carbonates \u03b418O, tooth enamel \u03b418O), which are very limited for this time interval in eastern Africa. Sensitivity experiments in this chapter also explore the additional influence of AMOC state in controlling continental climate variance.\r\n\r\nChapter 4 then shifts the focus to modern hydroclimate, presenting new stable water isotope datasets from tropical Africa collected at multiple sites. By analyzing biweekly rainwater isotope records, this chapter disentangles the seasonal and spatial controls on meteoric water isotopes and challenges canonical interpretations of the \u201camount effect.\u201d The data emphasize the significance of shifts in moisture source, convective activity, and dynamic atmospheric boundaries as primary drivers of isotopic variability. This new observation could help refine proxy calibration for hydroclimate reconstructions.\r\n\r\nBy synthesizing isotope-enabled Earth System Modeling, proxy archives, and modern stable isotope datasets, this work advances understanding of global to regional climate driving mechanisms, tectonic-hydroclimate feedbacks, and controls on African rainwater isotope variability. Africa\u2019s dynamic tectonics and climatic transitions during the Miocene uniquely shaped rainfall patterns and water isotope signals, offering key insights into the evolving climate system we are facing today.",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Eirini Poulaki",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Eirini Poulaki: THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN FLUIDS AND DEFORMATION: COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE SUBDUCTION INTERFACE AND OCEANIC DETACHMENT FAULTS",
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        "description":"Fluids, metamorphism and metasomatism including serpentinization and magmatism can weaken the lithosphere and lead to mechanical and chemical processes that affect the strength and slip behavior of fault zones. However, the competing mechanisms that control strain localization and exhumation rates and the nature of fluids during these processes are still poorly understood. In the first part of the talk, I will show the importance of in-situ apatite petrochronology from three subduction complexes in the Hellenic subduction zone. Apatite preserves subduction processes including metamorphism, metasomatism, and underplating due to its ability to deform, recrystallize under pressure\/temperatures conditions associated with the base of the seismogenic zone. We show that during exhumation apatite records aqueous fluids that were derived from metamorphic dehydration reactions within the underlying slab and migrated along lithologic contacts, thus revealing the interplay between deformation and fluids that likely contributed to slow slip and tremor along the plate interface.",
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        "datetime_start":"20260116T153000",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: William Guenthner",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: William Guenthner: Crystals to Cratons: Kinetics and Applications of Zircon (U-Th)\/He Deep Time Thermochronology",
        "event_subtitle":"Crystals to Cratons: Kinetics and Applications of Zircon (U-Th)\/He Deep Time Thermochronology",
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        "description":"Zircon (U-Th)\/He (ZHe) thermochronology has been extensively used to study the timing and rates of cooling associated with rock exhumation in active orogenic belts, sedimentary basin evolution, and hydrothermal fluid migration. More recently, the ZHe thermochronometer has been used, at times in concert with other low- to medium-temperature systems, in Precambrian rocks to resolve \u201cdeep-time\u201d thermal histories that span billions of years and provide insights into mid- to upper-crustal geological processes occurring at temperatures below 350\u202f\u00b0C. Most prominently, this deep-time approach has been used to investigate the erosional origin of the Great Unconformity surface, a continent-scale nonconformity that separates lowermost Paleozoic strata from underlying Precambrian basement. However, to continue extracting useful deep-time thermochronologic information with the ZHe method requires a more robust understanding of the kinetics of 4He diffusion in zircon. In this talk, I will present results from a study of the deep-time thermal history of basement rocks in the US Upper Midwest cratonic interior. Here, we have further investigated the origin of the Great Unconformity surface, and the long-term (in)stability of the Laurentian craton. I will also show ongoing work to improve our understanding of the kinetics of the ZHe system with a multiple pathway approach to modeling 4He diffusion in zircon.",
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        "combined_title":"Van der Voo Lecture: David Evans: Finding Supercontinents in the Abyss of Time",
        "event_subtitle":"Finding Supercontinents in the Abyss of Time",
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        "description":"Mobility of tectonic plates has resulted in amalgamations of supercontinents every ~700 million years for at least the latter half of Earth history.  Prior to Pangea (300-150 Ma), the preceding giant landmasses of Rodinia (1000-700 Ma) and Nuna (1600-1300 Ma) have been increasingly resolved in recent years by the combined efforts of chronostratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and kinematic synthesis.  An earlier supercontinent Kenorland (ca. 2600-2200 Ma) has been postulated but heretofore only visualized in general aspects.  As reconstructions progress deeper in time, one must be increasingly cautious of standard assumptions such as an axial-dipolar geomagnetic field, the total inventory of continental crust, and even whether plate tectonics existed.  Mindful of these caveats, I present a viable kinematic model of Kenorland\u2019s assembly, tenure, and breakup through the Archean-Proterozoic interval that also witnessed the Great Oxidation Event, possible Snowball Earth ice ages, and eukaryotic development.",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Tammo Reichgelt",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Tammo Reichgelt: Global Greening During the Cenozoic: Fossil evidence for terrestrial biosphere expansion in ancient greenhouse worlds",
        "event_subtitle":"Global Greening During the Cenozoic: Fossil evidence for terrestrial biosphere expansion in ancient greenhouse worlds",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
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        "description":"Global greening refers to expansion of the terrestrial biosphere as a result of changes in atmospheric chemistry. There are three main ways that global greening can happen. 1: Increased temperatures and\/or rainfall will allow plants to grow where they previously could not. 2: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide enhances photosynthetic activity and thus should result in increased biomass. 3: Increased atmospheric carbon leads to less transpiration due to reduced stomatal conductance, making them effectively more drought resistant. Add those three mechanisms together and we should expect the future to be much greener than today. Unfortunately, that does not seem to be the case. Anthropogenic changes appear to be too fast for many of these key mechanisms to function as they would in an idealized scenario. However, during the warmer world and elevated CO2 levels of the Miocene, the biosphere may indeed have expanded due to these global greening mechanisms. In this talk, we'll explore how Miocene fossil plants reveal a globally greener world, and what may have contributed to this expanded terrestrial biomass.",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Broxton Bird",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Broxton Bird: Holocene Climate-Flood Relationships in the Mid-continental United States",
        "event_subtitle":"Holocene Climate-Flood Relationships in the Mid-continental United States",
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        "description":"Increased midcontinental United States flooding in recent decades has been attributed to increasing annual precipitation and more frequent extreme rainfall events. But whether or not these trends reflect natural climate flood dynamics is difficult to determine because the modern landscape has been fundamentally altered by human activities and instrumental climate and stream discharge records typically span less than 100 years. In this talk I will present data from midcontinental kettle and floodplain lake sediment archives that respectively preserve long-term information about past climate and flooding regimes. The data show that climate-flood relationships prior to Euro-American settlement were dependent on a stream\u2019s watershed size. Specifically, medium to small watersheds (10,000s km2 to 100s km2) were sensitive to the frequency of rainstorm events, whereas large watersheds (>100,000\u2019s km2) were sensitive to spring snowmelt intensity. The current trend toward increased flooding on streams of all sizes reflects a departure from \u201cnatural\u201d climate-flood dynamics that is driven in large part by human landscape modifications. Continued increases annual precipitation and extreme rainfall events are, therefore, likely further exacerbate flooding in the midcontinental US.",
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        "datetime_modified":"20260129T135258",
        "datetime_start":"20260210T090000",
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        "has_end_time":1,
        "date_start":"2026-02-10",
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        "time_zone":"America\/Detroit",
        "event_title":"Alex Quizon Dissertation Defense",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Alex Quizon Dissertation Defense: Clumped and traditional stable isotope proxy innovations for paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic reconstructions",
        "event_subtitle":"Clumped and traditional stable isotope proxy innovations for paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic reconstructions",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"Stable oxygen isotope measurements (\u03b418O) are important tools in studies of climate, oceanography, and hydrology of today and the past. \u03b418O in fossil marine carbonates (\u03b418Ocarb) is used to reconstruct past ocean temperatures, and seawater \u03b418O (\u03b418Ow) tracks with salinity and is thus used to interpret hydrological variability. However, \u03b418Ocarb-temperature estimates rely on assumptions of how \u03b418Ow varied in the past, which remains uncertain. \u2018Clumped\u2019 isotope thermometry (\u039447) measurements are independent of \u03b418Ow, allowing us to circumvent this uncertainty and to simultaneously reconstruct past ocean temperatures and \u03b418Ow when combined with \u03b418Ocarb. This dissertation explores innovations in the utility of these isotopic tools. First, we investigated the viability of \u039447 paleothermometry in marine gastropods - an archive largely unexplored for \u039447-paleotemperature reconstructions (Chapters 2 & 3). Second, we explored the utility of \u03b418Ow and \u039447-derived paleo-\u03b418Ow as tracers of ocean currents (Chapters 4 & 5) and ice sheet melt (Chapter 6).\n\nChapter 2 documents \u039447-T\u2019s from a suite of modern marine gastropods collected from localities spanning the globe. Our findings suggest that many gastropods precipitate in isotopic equilibrium and accurately record environmental temperatures. However, some gastropods - notably Caviturritella\/Turritella (turritellids) and Campanile - appear to precipitate out of equilibrium (\u201cvital effects\u201d) and thus exhibit \u039447-T\u2019s cooler than actual environmental temperatures.\n\nChapter 3 expands on the finding from Chapter 2 that turritellids appear to exhibit a vital effect-induced cold bias of ~6\u00b0C, reporting \u039447-temperatures from 2 modern and 7 fossil (Mid-Miocene, ~18-14 Ma) turritellids from Colombia. The \u039447 data from the modern turritellids corroborate the previous finding of a ~6\u00b0C cold bias. After a +6\u00b0C adjustment is applied to Mid-Miocene \u039447-temperatures, adjusted \u039447-temperatures align with previous paleotemperature estimates in the region from other studies, highlighting the potential of vital effect-based corrections.\n\nChapter 4 explores the utility of \u03b418Ow as a tracer for the Labrador and Gulf Stream boundary currents in the North Atlantic. We collected 358 new salinity and \u03b418Ow measurements along the Eastern Seaboard, doubling the number of existing data in the region. Our paired salinity and \u03b418Ow data show distinct signatures for the Labrador Current and Gulf Stream roughly separated at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, creating the framework for using \u03b418Ow as a tracer of these currents.\n\nChapter 5 expands on the findings from Chapter 4, as we discuss the ability of \u039447-derived paleo-\u03b418Ow to track the Labrador Current and Gulf Stream in the past. We measured fossil quahogs (Mercenaria sp., ~130-115 ka and ~80 ka) from localities along the Eastern Seaboard and found that, despite temporal differences, paleo-\u03b418Ow latitudinal trends generally align with the modern \u03b418Ow latitudinal gradient. Thus, these findings showcase the potential of \u039447-derived paleo-\u03b418Ow to track water masses from the past.\n\nChapter 6 builds on the framework of using \u039447-derived paleo-\u03b418Ow to interpret paleohydrological variability, as we infer substantial ice sheet melt at Nantucket, Massachusetts during the Last Interglacial (~130-115 ka). We measured 7 Mercenaria across 2 units at this locality and observed paleo-\u03b418Ow values significantly depleted relative to modern values, which is consistent with substantial freshwater input (i.e., ice sheet melt).\n\nAltogether, this dissertation builds on the existing framework of \u039447 and \u03b418Ow as paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic tools by investigating the viability of marine gastropods for \u039447-paleotemperature reconstructions and exploring \u039447-derived paleo-\u03b418Ow as a tracer of ocean circulation and ice sheet melt in the past.",
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        "event_title":"Lucas Gomes Dissertation Defense",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Lucas Gomes Dissertation Defense: Extinction and Environmental Change on the Plio-Pleistocene Florida Platform: Insights from Clumped Isotopic and Trace Elemental Sclerochronology",
        "event_subtitle":"Extinction and Environmental Change on the Plio-Pleistocene Florida Platform: Insights from Clumped Isotopic and Trace Elemental Sclerochronology",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
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        "description":"Past extinction events throughout Earth\u2019s history have arisen during periods of major environmental change, offering unique lessons about how ecosystems function and respond to environmental pressures. By studying the environmental mechanisms that forced extinction and ecological change in the geologic record, we can better prepare for and mitigate biodiversity loss in the face of present-day global environmental crises. Shallow marine ecosystems on the Florida Platform underwent a dramatic transformation over the past ~4 million years, part of a \u201cregional mass extinction\u201d documented broadly around the Plio-Pleistocene West Atlantic. In this dissertation, I resolve major gaps in the marine environmental record of the Plio-Pleistocene Florida Platform using stratigraphic, paleontological, and geochemical approaches, enabling clearer evaluation of the environmental perturbations responsible for this regional extinction event.\n\nThe oxygen isotope composition of water (\u03b418Owater) is a useful tracer of the hydrological cycle and a critical parameter in carbonate-based (\u03b418Ocarb) paleotemperature studies. In Chapter 2, I examine the controls on coastal \u03b418Owater variability along the U.S. Eastern Seaboard by mapping salinity\u2013\u03b418Owater mixing relationships in estuaries from Maine to Florida. Relatively invariant marine \u03b418Owater signatures primarily track the prevailing coastal water mass, while freshwater \u03b418Owater varies widely in response to regional gradients in precipitation (\u03b418Oprecip) signatures and evaporative intensity. Additional triple oxygen isotope (\u0394\u037417O) measurements of Florida river waters indicate a remarkable degree of evaporative isotope enrichment. This modern isotopic framework can be used to constrain assumptions about ancient \u03b418Owater compositions across this region and better interpret fossil \u03b418Ocarb records from coastal marine paleoenvironments.\n\nIn Chapters 3 and 4, I present two new study sites containing fossil-rich Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary exposures in southwest (Florida Shell Quarry) and eastern Florida (Beeline Quarry), respectively. Detailed lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic characterization through each of these sections enable the detailed reconstruction of local depositional paleoenvironments and relative sea-level fluctuations. The development of these new sections and their careful integration within the historical Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphic framework of peninsular Florida establishes a foundation for renewed study of Florida\u2019s paleoecological evolution over the past ~4 Myr. At Beeline Quarry (Chapter 4), I further apply clumped isotope (\u039447) thermometry to fossil shells to reconstruct water temperatures and \u03b418Owater compositions during deposition of the Nashua Fm. (Early Pleistocene) and Fort Thompson Fm. (Late Pleistocene). Surprisingly cool temperatures and depleted \u03b418Owater values in both units relative to modern coastal waters likely reflect persistent influence of submarine groundwater discharge along the Atlantic Coast of Florida.\n\nIn Chapter 5, I reconstruct parallel records of marine climates and planktonic productivity across the six major Plio-Pleistocene formations of southwest Florida and use them to evaluate longstanding hypotheses that the regional extinction event was driven by (i) cooling marine climates and\/or (ii) declining primary production. Marine climate seasonality and planktonic productivity were quantified by measuring \u039447 and Ba\/Ca ratios, respectively, along the growth axes of fossil mollusk shells. The \u039447-temperature record reveals that remarkably cool Pliocene marine climates (similar to present-day North Carolina) warmed rapidly in the Early Pleistocene, directly contradicting earlier cooling hypotheses and suggesting that rapid warming may have instead contributed to faunal turnover. Independently, the Ba\/Ca-derived productivity record indicates that high productivity persisted until the Early\u2013Middle Pleistocene, after which it collapsed, broadly supporting the productivity-driven extinction hypothesis. Altogether, this work greatly refines our understanding of the co-evolution of life and environments on the Plio-Pleistocene Florida Platform.",
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        "datetime_start":"20260212T133000",
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        "has_end_time":1,
        "date_start":"2026-02-12",
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        "event_title":"Marwah Al Ismail Dissertation Defense",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Marwah Al Ismail Dissertation Defense: Advances in Methodology for Regional Landslide Analysis using Statistical, Mechanical, and Machine Learning Approaches",
        "event_subtitle":"Advances in Methodology for Regional Landslide Analysis using Statistical, Mechanical, and Machine Learning Approaches",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"Landslides are catastrophic events that occur on critically unstable slopes in steep, mountainous regions in response to external triggers, such as seismic events or prolonged,\nintense rainfall. The damage resulting from those landslides is mostly determined by their magnitude and size. Consequently, assessing landslide hazards in steep, tectonically active mountains at high altitudes remains a challenging task; however, advances in computational methods and technologies can make it achievable. This dissertation demonstrates the novel joint utility of mechanistic and statistical (chapters 2 and 3) and machine-learning (chapter 4) techniques for landslide analysis to understand the contribution of near-subsurface material strength, topography, and triggering factors to the regional distribution of landslide sizes.\n\nIn Chapters 2 and 3, we use computational methods to assess hillslope stability using geotechnical engineering models, combined with extensive probabilistic topographic\nsegmentation, to generate a synthetic distribution of landslide sizes. Specifically, we use 2D slope stability analysis to assess the probability of failure (P f ) for a given hillslope geometry (i.e., hillslope area and gradient) under subsurface strength conditions (i.e., cohesion and angle of friction). In addition, using hydrological tools to discretize topography in a random, probabilistic approach identifies the distribution of hillslope geometries prone to failure. The combined probabilities from mechanistic modeling and the availability of hillslopes in a given topography result in a synthetic distribution of landslide sizes. This modeled distribution allows us to investigate, in great detail, the impact of the variation in strength\u2013and hence weathering\u2013with depth and slope, as well as the topography on the overall distribution. Using two different landslide inventory datasets: the 1994 Mw6.7 Northridge earthquake in Southern California and the 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake in central Nepal, we find that the variability in the weathering gradient with depth and the slope gradient is essential for accurate reproduction of regional landslide size distribution. Moreover, because of the variable topographic gradient and climatic conditions within central Nepal, we apply this framework to back-estimate the strength-depth profile for each sub-region within the study area from south to north. We find that back-estimated strength increases northward, coinciding with increases in the topographic gradient and landslide density. These findings demonstrate the significance of the synthetic\ndistributions for identifying the controls on the regional landslide size distributions as well as providing an insight into the critical zone structure for hazard assessment and landscape evolution studies.\n\nChapter 4 provides an opportunity to explore the use of machine learning models for landslide analysis, specifically for improving rainfall-triggered landslide forecasting. Steep mountain belts at high altitudes experience the orographic effect, which produces intense rainfall and, consequently, triggers landslides. As rainfall-triggered landslide sizes are sensitive to rainfall event characteristics (i.e., storm depth and intensity), using accurate rainfall data with high spatial and temporal coverage is essential. Ground-based rainfall measurements from gauge stations provide an accurate source of data; however, gauge stations are usually sparsely located and limited in steep terrain, where landslides are most common. In recent years, remotely sensed precipitation measurements have provided high spatial and temporal resolution data, but are often inaccurate, especially on hillslopes at high altitudes. To overcome challenges in each dataset source, we use machine learning models to predict calibrated rainfall data at locations where gauge stations are absent, with a focus on the monsoon season, during which rainfall intensifies. The use of machine learning approaches and associated evaluation metrics enables us to validate their utility for predicting the total rainfall during the monsoon season with high certainty, compared with the original remotely sensed rainfall data. In addition, the model\u2019s predicted rainfall captured the annual distribution of storms during the monsoon season. Although the model\u2019s accuracy at predicting the timing of extreme rainfall events (which trigger landslides), this work provides a promising avenue for using machine learning techniques to predict high-resolution, high-temporal-resolution rainfall datasets.\n\nOn a broader scale, this dissertation provides novel methodologies that enable us to improve landslide hazard analysis, assessment, and forecasting.",
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        "datetime_modified":"20260209T111822",
        "datetime_start":"20260213T153000",
        "datetime_end":"20260213T163000",
        "has_end_time":1,
        "date_start":"2026-02-13",
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        "time_start":"15:30:00",
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        "time_zone":"America\/Detroit",
        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Mini-Talks",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Mini-Talks: Adriana Brown, Rory Sweedler, and Mack Taylor",
        "event_subtitle":"Adriana Brown, Rory Sweedler, and Mack Taylor",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"The Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences will hear three mini-talks from current graduate students.\n\nAdriana Brown: The evolution of seawater temperature and oxygen isotopes in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway using carbonate clumped isotopes\n\nThe Western Interior Seaway (WIS) was a vast epicontinental sea that inundated North America in a series of transgressive-regressive marine cycles from the Early to Late Cretaceous. The WIS has been studied as a classic shallow Cretaceous seaway with a complex stratigraphic record of the interplay between tectonics, climate, sea level, basin evolution, and faunal evolution. However, fundamental questions remain unresolved regarding the WIS, including how seawater temperatures and oxygen isotope compositions (\u03b418Ow) varied latitudinally and through time. A robust record of reconstructed temperature and water isotopes could help explain paleoceanographic and environmental conditions in the WIS, but this has traditionally been challenging due to limited sample coverage and poor constraints on \u03b418Ow. Here, we use carbonate clumped isotopes (\ud835\udeab47) measurements of 119 well-preserved oysters to reconstruct temperature and \u03b418Ow from the Albian to Maastrichtian between 25 to 57 \u00b0N. This dataset approximately triples the amount of \ud835\udeab47 WIS temperature and \u03b418Ow values published to date. From this, we find that in each time period the seaway remained consistently warm through all U.S. latitudes and may have been influenced by freshwater runoff from emerging highlands. Canadian temperatures indicate a cooler and potentially less saline water source entering the seaway from the North. We relate these changes in temperature and isotopic composition to global and regional sea level fluctuations, tectonic regimes, and paleocirculation dynamics.\n\n--\n\nRory Sweedler: Topographic diversity gradients revealed among latest Cretaceous multituberculate mammals\n\nToday, mountainous regions are hotspots of mammalian biodiversity, forming patterns known as topographic diversity gradients; however, interactions between mountain uplift and mammalian biodiversity in deep time are poorly understood. I compare the taxonomic diversity of a group of mammals, multituberculates, from two sites from the latest Cretaceous of Wyoming during the uplift of the North American Cordillera. Higher species richness of multituberculates at the mountain-proximal site compared to the mountain-distal site, nearly 400 km to the east, is interpreted as evidence of a topographic diversity gradient. Similarities in faunal composition between mountain-proximal sites across the latest Cretaceous Western Interior of North America suggest tectonic processes as important drivers of mammalian biodiversity and community composition in the past and present.\n\n-- \n\nMack Taylor: The Failed Supervolcano Spirit Mountain (Avi Kwa Ame) and The Critical Role of Basalt and Pre-existing Aplite Dikes in Producing Eruptible High-SiO 2 Rhyolite\n\nHigh-SiO2 (\u226576 wt%) rhyolite (HSR) is the most differentiated magma on Earth. Generally restricted to thin (<20 cm) aplite dikes within arc granitoids, voluminous accumulations of HSR in plutonic rocks are rare at subduction zones but do occur in regions of continental extension. Among the few examples known is the Miocene bimodal (granite-diorite) Spirit Mountain pluton of the Colorado River Extensional Corridor, NV. Evidence from the literature shows the ~6 km thick (x ~25 km) pluton assembled incrementally via sheets of low-SiO2 rhyolite over a 2 m.y. interval. It features a ~1.5 km thick leucogranite cap (76-78 wt% SiO2) that zones down through \u22654.5 km of coarse granite into a quartz monzonite, which contains abundant mafic enclaves. Within the coarse granite, discrete silicic segregations and aplite dikes are found with a HSR composition, like the leucogranite cap. However, there are distinct compositional differences, including a relative depletion of middle rare earth elements, reflecting the presence of titanite during melt segregation. This horseshoe REE pattern is not seen in the leucogranite cap, which instead features a seagull pattern, indicating that titanite melted out when it formed. Previous studies have emphasized the role of compaction in a crystal-rich mush to drive segregation of interstitial melts, producing the leucogranite cap and quartz monzonite (cumulate) base. In this study, we test a modification of this model and examine whether the HSR leucogranite cap formed by episodic partial melting of the granitic base, driven by the influx of hot, H2O-rich fluids from deeper, degassed basaltic intrusions. We further explore the role of pre-existing aplite dikes during partial melting of the granitoid host. These eutectic HSR aplite dikes would have melted completely when the host granitoid was only partially molten (with titanite melted out). The initial ascent of the aplite dikes would have drawn voluminous partial melt out of the host granite. We show that resulting molten high-SiO2 rhyolite dikes \u22650.5 m width (exceeding critical widths) could have ascended through several km of sub-solidus granite at \u2265 600\u00b0C. Presumably, if an influx of basalt had intruded beneath the leucogranite cap, releasing hot fluid, it could have induced its rapid melting and thus eruption of HSR with a seagull REE pattern.",
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        "datetime_modified":"20260210T113744",
        "datetime_start":"20260220T110000",
        "datetime_end":"20260220T120000",
        "has_end_time":1,
        "date_start":"2026-02-20",
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        "time_start":"11:00:00",
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        "time_zone":"America\/Detroit",
        "event_title":"Smith Mini-Talk: Fran\u00e7ois Tissot",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Smith Mini-Talk: Fran\u00e7ois Tissot: Lead Contamination: An Old Foe Rises from the Ashes of the Eaton Fire",
        "event_subtitle":"Lead Contamination: An Old Foe Rises from the Ashes of the Eaton Fire",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"In 1965, Caltech geochemist Clair Patterson published what was, at the time, a highly controversial finding: that leaded gasoline and other products like canned food solder, paints, and insecticide were exposing Americans to dangerously high levels of lead. His work helped galvanize the environmental movement, ultimately leading to the Clean Air Act of 1970. Fifty years later, Caltech researchers were once again at the center of investigations on environmental lead contamination when the Eaton fire devastated communities surrounding Caltech. A year on from the LA fires of 2025,\u202fI will discuss Patterson's legacy and its connections to the research my group and others are pursuing to study the presence of lead and other toxic metals in the aftermath of the fires. I will also share the impact of his findings to date\u2014and how they can help communities prepare as fires at the wildland-urban interface grow increasingly common.",
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        "datetime_modified":"20260202T102357",
        "datetime_start":"20260220T153000",
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        "date_start":"2026-02-20",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Fran\u00e7ois Tissot",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Fran\u00e7ois Tissot: Oxidized Hadean magmas and an Archean onset of mobile-lid tectonics revealed by U XANES in Jack Hills zircon",
        "event_subtitle":"Oxidized Hadean magmas and an Archean onset of mobile-lid tectonics revealed by U XANES in Jack Hills zircon",
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        "description":"Over the years, the redox-sensitive nature of uranium has brought some first-order constraints on the evolution of Earth\u2019s surface: from the survival of detrital uraninite pointing to anoxic conditions in the Archean atmosphere\/ocean, to U isotope variations in the sedimentary record enabling the quantification of past ocean anoxia. In principle, the redox sensitivity of U could also be leveraged in magmatic environments. Indeed, in silicate melts, U can occur in either the 4+, 5+, or 6+ valence state and information on magma oxygen fugacity (\u0192O2) could be retrieved from U-bearing phases provided they can incorporate multivalent U during crystallization. In the first part of this talk, I will present how we used U XANES to probe the speciation of U in zircon grains from various localities, how we found that zircon can and do incorporate multivalent U in their structure, and how the relative proportion of U4+, 5+, and 6+ correlate with the \u0192O2 of their host rocks. Having established U oxidations states in zircon as a new tracer of magma redox, in the second part of this talk I will then discuss how we applied this technique to zircon from the Jack Hills, Australia, how the cores and metamorphic rims of the investigated grains have distinct redox and trace elements systematics, and the novel constraints these results place on the nature of Hadean magmas and tectonic modes in the Hadean-Archean.",
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        "event_title":"EARTH Career Conversations",
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        "combined_title":"EARTH Career Conversations: The Myth of One Job: Squiggly Career Paths",
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        "description":"Dr. Tina Nielsen is the Associate Dean for Innovation and Strategy in the College of Letters & Science at the University of Wisconsin. Tina earned BSc and MSc degrees in Earth & Environmental Sciences from the University of Michigan, and a PhD in Marine Micropaleontology, Sedimentology and Stratigraphy from UW-Madison. Previously, Nielsen was the Associate Director of the UW-Madison-led Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) and an advisor and mentor in the GLBRC\u2019s Research Experience for Undergraduate Students program, focused on encouraging underrepresented minority students and first-generation students to explore the life-changing experience of research. Prior to joining the University of Wisconsin, Tina was a geologist for BP engaged in exploration and reservoir characterization.\n\nDr. Juliana Mesa is a Study Abroad Advisor for the Center for Global and Intercultural Study (CGIS) at the University of Michigan where she works with undergraduate students to design and support their international academic experiences, including full scholarships for students with demonstrated financial need. Juliana earned BSc and MSc degrees in geology from Universidad EAFIT in Colombia, and a PhD degree in Earth & Environmental Sciences from the University of Michigan. Juliana was active in the Society of Hispanic Professionals in Engineering (SHPE), the Society for Advancement of Chicanos\/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS), and the Association of Women in Science (AWIS).\n\nPizza and drinks will be provided.",
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        "event_title":"Yiruo Xu Dissertation Defense",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Yiruo Xu Dissertation Defense: The Temporal Footprint of Tectonics: Deciphering Metamorphic Timescales via Diffusion Chronometry",
        "event_subtitle":"The Temporal Footprint of Tectonics: Deciphering Metamorphic Timescales via Diffusion Chronometry",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
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        "description":"Understanding Earth\u2019s tectonic processes is contingent on constraining their rates and durations. The timescale of metamorphism (i.e., for how long a rock is subjected to high pressure and temperature) is indicative of how heat and mass transfer during a tectonic event. During metamorphism, compositional gradients form in minerals and are modified by chemical diffusion. Forward modeling of the extent of diffusion quantifies the time involved in the production and preservation of these gradients, and thus proves to be a powerful tool for constraining metamorphic timescales (\u201cdiffusion chronometry\u201d). However, tectonic settings of different types and ages have not been evenly targeted for rigorous diffusion studies.\nThis thesis applies diffusion chronometry in garnet to various terranes and demonstrates its potential in addressing critical questions about Earth\u2019s tectonics.\n\nThe first chapter reviews the significance of timescale constraints in the study of tectonics and introduces the fundamental principles of chemical diffusion in garnet. Chapters 2 and 3 evaluate the secular change of global metamorphic cooling rates over Earth\u2019s history using two case studies of an Archean craton, the Superior Province of North America. The Minnesota River Valley Subprovince is characterized by two neighboring crustal blocks that were metamorphosed contemporaneously to different grades by an advective heating event. They record strikingly different cooling rates that suggest greater complexities in the cooling histories of Precambrian orogens than commonly assumed. A comprehensive study of the Quetico\nSubprovince that contrasts diffusion chronometry with radiometric dating (\u201cthermochronology\u201d) further demonstrates the uncertainty and variability of Archean metamorphic cooling rates. The suggestion that the apparent increase in cooling rates globally, since the Archean eon, reflects fundamental tectonic changes should be evaluated with caution, given the inherent limitations and biases of existing data. Chapter 4 presents the first application of\ndiffusion chronometry to constrain the timescales of material cycling deep in a subduction zone using complexly zoned garnet crystals from Jurassic subduction m\u00b4elanges of Cedros Island, Baja California, Mexico. The pressure\u2013temperature\u2013time evolution of the subducted blocks cannot be explained by large-scale distributed flow in the subduction channel, as proposed in some numerical models. Instead, the subducted materials experienced more complex circulation and rapid exhumation via focused return flow.",
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        "event_title":"Papier Mache Extravaganza",
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        "date_start":"2026-02-26",
        "date_end":"2026-02-26",
        "time_start":"13:00:00",
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        "event_title":"Swap Shop Million Dollar Party",
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        "combined_title":"Swap Shop Million Dollar Party",
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        "event_type_id":"19",
        "description":"The Lab Swap Shop, launched in June 2024, serves as a physical location where excess lab consummables, glassware, equipment, and more can be rehomed within the U-M research community. This reduces waste, promotes lab safety, and saves researcher dollars. The shop just passed a major milestone: ONE MILLION DOLLARS saved for researchers as compared to buying new! Join us on February 26th from 1-3pm to celebrate! We will have desserts, hot beverages, and air plants while supplies last. Researchers are encouraged to bring donations and take free supplies home with them. Check out our inventory to get an idea of available items!",
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        "time_zone":"America\/Detroit",
        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Tamara Pico",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Tamara Pico: Out of the ice age: Insights into past sea level and ice sheets from Beringia to Antarctica",
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        "description":"Although understanding the response of ice sheet to a changing climate is a pressing issue of the century, our current knowledge of past ice-sheet changes remains limited by data sparsity. Over the last deglaciation, we understand global sea-level changes quite well, however, we know little about which ice sheets contributed meltwater at what times. I explore approaches that leverage non-traditional datasets to constrain past ice sheet and sea-level change over the last glacial cycle. For example, I revisit two topics of considerable debate: the expansion of the ice-free corridor between the two North American ice sheets and the flooding of the Bering Strait. I show it is possible to use observations of the Bering Strait flooding as sea-level indicators to fingerprint the timing and location of North American saddle deglaciation.\nNext, I consider the role of ice sheet-solid Earth interactions on the deglaciation of the Ross Sea in West Antarctica. Since the Last Glacial Maximum, ice streams in the Ross Sea retreated hundreds of kilometers from the shelf break to their modern grounding line positions. I show that glacial isostatic adjustment causes a net retreat of stable grounding line positions from 20 ka to modern, with some ice streams experiencing up to 1000 km of stable grounding line zone retreat. This finding differs from prior studies that cite glacial isostatic adjustment as a stabilizing mechanism for marine-terminating ice streams, and underlines that solid Earth-ice sheet feedbacks are a function of both timescale and spatial scale of ice sheet unloading.",
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        "datetime_start":"20260310T110000",
        "datetime_end":"20260310T120000",
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        "date_start":"2026-03-10",
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        "combined_title":"Andr\u00e9s Felipe Gonzalez Duran Dissertation Defense: Application of mineral chemistry and petrochronology to unravel the timing and genesis of mineral deposits in the American Cordillera",
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        "description":"The American Cordillera hosts some of the world's most significant accumulations of copper, gold, and emeralds. However, the genetic relationship between different mineral deposit styles\u2014specifically the transition between porphyry and iron oxide-apatite (IOA) or iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) systems\u2014and the precise timing of mineralization in complex sedimentary basins remain poorly understood. This dissertation utilizes high-resolution mineral chemistry and in-situ petrochronology to  decode the thermal, chemical, and temporal evolution of these world-class mineral systems. The research first investigates the transition between IOA and porphyry-style mineralization at the New Afton Cu-Au mine, British Columbia. By characterizing the trace element chemistry and textures of magnetite (Fe3O4), I demonstrate that magnetite is a dynamic recorder of overprinting hydrothermal events. The identification of widespread coupled dissolution reprecipitation (CDR) textures reveals that primary magmatic signatures are frequently modified by later fluid pulses, challenging traditional classification schemes and providing new textural criteria for exploration vectoring. The focus then shifts to the Eastern Cordillera basin of Colombia to resolve the long-standing debate regarding the timing of emerald mineralization. Through in-situ U-Pb dating of hydrothermal monazite and xenotime, I established the first direct, high-resolution age framework for emerald formation in both the Eastern and Western zones. The results link mineralization to episodic tectonic pulses during the Cretaceous and Paleogene, representing a paradigm shift from single-event genetic models to a more complex, time-transgressive mineralizing system. Finally, the study integrates multi-mineral analysis at the Llahu\u00edn Cu-Au-Mo deposit in Chile. By combining Random Forest Classification (RFC) of magnetite chemistry with titanite and rutile petrochronology, I reconstruct the transition between porphyry and IOCG-style features. The data suggest that these systems can form simultaneously within structural transition zones, governed by the magmatic sulfur budget and localized tectonic shifting. Together, this body of work demonstrates that the integration of micro-textural analysis with advanced mineral chemistry and petrochronology is essential for unraveling the complexity of Cordilleran metallogeny. The findings provide robust tools for mineral exploration and advance our fundamental understanding of how the Earth\u2019s crust concentrates metals and gemstones throughout tectonic cycles.",
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        "date_start":"2026-03-11",
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        "event_title":"Papier Mache Extravaganza",
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        "event_type_id":"19",
        "description":"Join the United Asian American Organizations (UAAO) and the U-M Seed Library to co-create the next generation of seed distribution systems on campus! Generously sponsored by LSA Sustainability, these workshops will center on principles of creative re-use to hand-craft and paint papier-mach\u00e9 plastic capsule receptacles for future seed library vending machines. Light fare will be served, and registration is limited to 18 participants per session. No previous experience required.",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Marina Suarez",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Marina Suarez: Exploring the continental record of climate during the Early Cretaceous",
        "event_subtitle":"Exploring the continental record of climate during the Early Cretaceous",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"The Early Cretaceous is an important time of transition in Earth History. During this time significant variability in the carbon cycle likely affected the trajectory of the climate system and the evolution of life. Records, especially continental, of the Early Cretaceous are still poorly constrained. Even the base of what is considered the Cretaceous System is not clearly defined. To this end multiple investigations are ongoing to improve our understanding of the timing of Early Cretaceous continental rock records and to provide more quantitative paleoclimate records during this important time. Here I summarize the results to date of efforts to improve Early Cretaceous chronostratigraphic constraint of rock records as well as climate records for this time; especially of the Western margin of the Western Interior Basin and northwestern China). Our efforts so far indicate that many of the Early Cretaceous units we investigate are only partially contemporaneous and for some locations extend deeper into the Cretaceous than previously expected. Climate parameters are consistent with the prevailing interpretations of the Cretaceous as a greenhouse climate, but variation in these records show instances of cooler than expected temperatures during some times.",
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        "id":"144105-21894669",
        "datetime_modified":"20260223T100943",
        "datetime_start":"20260318T173000",
        "datetime_end":"20260318T200000",
        "has_end_time":1,
        "date_start":"2026-03-18",
        "date_end":"2026-03-18",
        "time_start":"17:30:00",
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        "event_title":"Papier Mache Extravaganza",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Papier Mache Extravaganza",
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        "description":"Join the United Asian American Organizations (UAAO) and the U-M Seed Library to co-create the next generation of seed distribution systems on campus! Generously sponsored by LSA Sustainability, these workshops will center on principles of creative re-use to hand-craft and paint papier-mach\u00e9 plastic capsule receptacles for future seed library vending machines. Light fare will be served, and registration is limited to 18 participants per session. No previous experience required.",
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        "datetime_modified":"20260319T122224",
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        "date_start":"2026-03-20",
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        "event_title":"Dorr Lecture: Ashley Matheny",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Dorr Lecture: Ashley Matheny: Detangling the influences of combined stressors reveals insights into plant function",
        "event_subtitle":"Detangling the influences of combined stressors reveals insights into plant function",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"Forests recycle roughly ~62,000 km3 of water to the atmosphere annually. The transport of water from the subsurface to roots, stems, and leaves out through stomata, and into the atmosphere links the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum while coupling Earth\u2019s water and carbon cycles. This biological process is regulated dynamically and often varies substantially between species in the same ecosystem in response to multiple and often combined internal and external stressors. We will analyze vignettes from two distinct ecosystems and their responses to different sets of combined stressors to gain new insight into plant function. First, we will visit mangrove ecosystems exposed to both atmospheric dryness and salinity extremes to explore how water transport regulation strategies shift from leaves to roots to maximize productivity while maintaining hydraulic function. Then we will visit semi-arid woody savanna to detangle to combined influence of soil water limitation and atmospheric aridity on wood-water storage in drought tolerant trees. Understanding the storage and transport of water through soil, woody biomass, and leaves in this and many other ecosystems is critical for predicting forest resilience, carbon sequestration, and wildfire susceptibility. Finally, we will assess the implications of both studies for the ways we simulate the dynamic regulation of water acquisition, storage, and use by trees and how these findings can directly improve predictions of forest water, carbon, and energy cycles from coastlines to the continental interior.",
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        "datetime_modified":"20260202T104349",
        "datetime_start":"20260327T153000",
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        "date_start":"2026-03-27",
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        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Eric Roberts",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Eric Roberts: The Wandering Falklands: A geological odyssey in the South Atlantic",
        "event_subtitle":"The Wandering Falklands: A geological odyssey in the South Atlantic",
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        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"The Falkland Islands are an isolated micro-continent within the South Atlantic Ocean proximal to the South American continent and characterized by Paleozoic sedimentary successions for which connections with coeval depositional systems in southern Gondwana are debated. Two sets of mafic dikes cross-cut sedimentary units on the Falklands and represent the only volcanics in the islands. Aside from an isolated exposure of Proterozoic granite, no other plutonic rocks are known to exist. Here we report the presence of rare to abundant intermediate to felsic volcanic and plutonic pebbles\/cobbles from beaches along the northern and southern margins of the Falkland Islands for which there is no obvious source in the islands today. U-Pb LA-ICPMS dating of zircon grains separated from numerous representative volcanic cobbles from the northern beaches demonstrates a Middle-Late Jurassic provenance source between ~165-151 Ma. These ages are comparable to silicic volcanics in Patagonia, South Africa and the Antarctic Peninsula of the Chon-Aike silicic large igneous province linked with initial Gondwanan break-up, suggesting that similar volcanics are likely present in the proximal (shallow) offshore portion of the north Falklands that will potentially help to better refine the pre-break up position\/tectonics of the Falklands within Gondwana.  Additional U-Pb dating of volcanic and plutonic cobbles from southern Falklands beaches indicates a different provenance source, as indicated by a broad range of Jurassic to Paleocene ages, which compare favorably with documented rocks from the islands, submerged banks and volcanic edifices of the North Scotia Arc (e.g., Burdwood, South Georgia). The timing and mechanisms for delivery of these large clasts to the Falkland Islands is confounding but may be related to large submarine slides off the Burdwood Bank and subsequent tsunami deposits during periods of lowered sea level during the Quaternary. Determining the provenance of these allochthonous clasts may help with understanding the complex tectonics of this region and timing of opening of the Scotia Arc and associated ocean currents.",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Morgan Bazilian: Critical minerals security and supply chains",
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        "description":"Critical minerals have risen to the top tier of global politics and national security discussions. These minerals and metals are fundamental to the operations and functioning of modern economies and modern militaries. The various market, investment, trade, development, and geopolitics dynamics all play important roles in determining how this complex space will be transacted in the coming decades.",
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        "datetime_modified":"20260326T104521",
        "datetime_start":"20260410T153000",
        "datetime_end":"20260410T163000",
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        "date_start":"2026-04-10",
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        "event_title":"MGU Lecture: Amanda Oehlert",
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        "combined_title":"MGU Lecture: Amanda Oehlert: A mechanistic framework for the formation and evolution of chemical biosignatures in microbialites",
        "event_subtitle":"A mechanistic framework for the formation and evolution of chemical biosignatures in microbialites",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"Microbialite deposits provide a long-standing archive recording the interactions of life and the environment through geological time. However, the biogenicity of ancient, laminated structures has remained a persistent subject of debate. Chemical biosignatures offer an additional and independent means of evaluating biogenicity, but their interpretation requires careful parameterization in well-constrained, actively accreting microbialite deposits. In this presentation, I will present our new conceptual model for microbialite growth and accretion and demonstrate how it improves interpretation of the chemical composition of living microbialites from Hamelin Pool in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Here, four types of surface mats accrete microbialites with a range of morphologies including microbial sediments, unlithified sheet mats, and discrete microbial buildups. New measurements of microbialite elemental composition and stable carbon isotope ratios will be contextualized by complementary analyses of sediment and seawater from Hamelin Pool. Results demonstrate the important roles of microbialite accretion mechanism, fabric, and morphology in governing microbialite composition and chemistry, providing a modern benchmark for interpreting chemical biosignatures in the ancient geological record.",
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        "datetime_modified":"20260316T120023",
        "datetime_start":"20260417T153000",
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        "date_start":"2026-04-17",
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        "time_zone":"America\/Detroit",
        "event_title":"Smith Lecture: Zach Sharp",
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        "combined_title":"Smith Lecture: Zach Sharp: Archean Ocean Temperatures: A 3 Billion-Year-Old Question",
        "event_subtitle":"Archean Ocean Temperatures: A 3 Billion-Year-Old Question",
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        "description":"Life likely started in the Archean Ocean. What were the temperatures of these early oceans? Oxygen isotope compositions of different sediments have been used extensively to answer this question. The \u03b4\u00b9\u2078O values of Archean sediments are strikingly lower than their younger equivalents, but interpretations of these results are extremely varied. High ocean temperatures, low \u03b4\u00b9\u2078O values of the early oceans, or simply massive diagenesis of the sediments over the billions of ensuing years have all been considered. There is no consensus between the different camps. Here we use a completely different approach, using the triple oxygen isotope composition of mantle eclogites to define the \u03b4\u00b9\u2078O value of the Archean ocean. Mantle eclogites are subducted and metamorphosed equivalents of oceanic crust. Unlike sediments, which are subject to surficial alteration over billions of years, subducted ocean crust becomes metamorphosed and then isolated \u2013 isotopically \u2018frozen\u2019 \u2013 for billions of years. We find that the range of triple oxygen isotope values of fresh altered oceanic crust and those of Archean eclogites are nearly identical. Given that the temperatures of hydrothermal alteration have not changed through time, and the isotopic composition of the mantle has not changed through time, then the similar triple isotope range of modern and Archean metamorphosed oceanic crust indicates an unchanging ocean isotope composition over the last 3 Ga. Eliminating the oxygen isotope composition of the Archean ocean as a variable allows for better estimates of Earth\u2019s early surficial conditions.",
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        "datetime_modified":"20260420T092612",
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        "event_title":"Hydrology Land Use and Climate Change (HYLUCC) Lab End-of-the-Year Presentation!",
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        "combined_title":"Hydrology Land Use and Climate Change (HYLUCC) Lab End-of-the-Year Presentation!: Betty Jahateh, Yinjiao Zhong, Md Ehsan Alam",
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        "description":"Betty Jahateh - Masters Thesis Final Presentation\nBetween Tides and Time: Integrating Landsat and SAR to Quantify Species-Level Structural Differentiation and Climate-Driven Dynamics in Gambian Mangroves\n\nMangrove ecosystems provide critical coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and fisheries support, yet they are increasingly vulnerable to climate variability and anthropogenic pressures. However, most existing mangrove monitoring in West Africa focuses on overall extent rather than species composition, which leaves a critical gap in species-level mapping that can be addressed using remote sensing techniques capable of distinguishing spectral differences among mangrove species. This study integrates Landsat optical time series, Sentinel-1 SAR, elevation metrics, canopy height, and field observations to quantify internal mangrove heterogeneity and incorporates SWOT water levels and GLDAS and GPM precipitation data to assess seasonal and annual climate dynamics in The Gambia. Field validation across 26 sites in the North Bank and Lower River Region linked these classes to ecologically meaningful assemblages. We found that classes differed consistently in spectral indices, SAR backscatter,\ncanopy height, and distance to water, which shows hydrological and tidal zonation. Time-series analysis showed an overall greening trend with some class-level separation through time. Long-term modeled rainfall records (1950-2025) revealed pronounced interannual variability, with dry conditions beginning in the late\n1960s and continuing through the mid 1990s, leading to mangrove mortality as documented in other studies.\n\n--\n\nYinjiao Zhong - EARTH-CLASP Researcher\nInland Lake Wind Speed Retrieval: Integration of SWOT and CYGNSS Observations via Cluster-Specific Random Forest Models\n\nMeasuring wind speeds over small inland lakes is difficult due to complex shorelines and low wave heights. This study combines CYGNSS (L-band) and SWOT (Ka-band) satellite data to improve the accuracy of wind speed retrievals over inland lakes. We grouped large and moderate-sized lakes in North America and Asia into 14 categories using K-means clustering based on the features such as area and depth to develop specific geophysical function models (GMFs) for each cluster and validating them with ERA5 data (2023-2025). This study provides essential data for understanding lake energy balances and regional climate.\n\n--\n\nMd Ehsan Alam - EARTH-Taubman Research\nMarsh, Map, Margin: Designing Across Disciplines in Deltaic Bangladesh\n\nSecondary cities are among the world's fastest-growing urban areas, often at the cost of hydrological precarity. This talk examines what happens when urban design enters into conversation with hydrology. Developed jointly between Taubman College and the Hydrology, Landuse and Climate Change (HYLUCC) Lab at the University of Michigan, this brief thesis presentation traces how aspirational urbanity encroaches upon perennial floodplains; displacing aquatic systems, marginalizing communities, and erasing vernacular practices. The thesis spans remote sensing, vernacular knowledge systems, filmmaking, and design speculation. What emerges is a provocation about whose city, whose water, and whose future.\n\nJoin us via Zoom: https:\/\/umich.zoom.us\/j\/91728285595",
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        "datetime_modified":"20260505T103416",
        "datetime_start":"20260507T100000",
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        "date_start":"2026-05-07",
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        "time_start":"10:00:00",
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        "time_zone":"America\/Detroit",
        "event_title":"Peng Zhai Dissertation Defense",
        "occurrence_title":"",
        "combined_title":"Peng Zhai Dissertation Defense: Fully Dynamic Modeling of Earthquake Nucleation and Sequences: Co-evolution of Earthquakes and Fault Zones",
        "event_subtitle":"Fully Dynamic Modeling of Earthquake Nucleation and Sequences: Co-evolution of Earthquakes and Fault Zones",
        "event_type":"Lecture \/ Discussion",
        "event_type_id":"13",
        "description":"The seismic cycle, also known as sequences of earthquakes and aseismic slip (SEAS), is characterized by periodic accumulation and release of tectonic stress. This multi-timescale process encompasses both rapid coseismic rupture, which unfolds over seconds, and prolonged interseismic deformation lasting up to thousands of years. Physics-based numerical models of the seismic cycle aim to capture SEAS within a unified framework and to enhance our understanding of earthquake generation. In this dissertation, I employ fully dynamic seismic cycle models, including dynamic inertial effects, to investigate earthquake nucleation and the coupled evolution of fault slip and inelastic fault zone deformation governed by damage rheology.\n\nChapter 2 focuses on exploring the influence of the characteristic weakening distance (DRS) in rate-and-state friction (RSF) on earthquake nucleation. The findings indicate that a larger value of a\/b (>0.75), rather than the traditionally assumed 0.5, is needed to produce expanding crack nucleation for a relatively small DRS. This suggests that fixed-length nucleation may be more common on both natural and laboratory faults, and therefore earthquake nucleation style is strongly governed by both a\/b and DRS.\n\nChapter 3 aims to develop a novel seismic cycle model integrating RSF and damage rheology to capture the coevolution of fault slip and fault zone deformation. Simulations reveal coseismic velocity drops consistent with seismological observations and a persistent shallow slip deficit (SSD). Off-fault damage is predominantly generated during earthquakes, concentrating at shallow depths in a flower-like structure, characterized by a distributed damage area surrounding a localized, highly damaged inner core. Utilizing an experimentally based logarithmic healing law, the model shows that coseismic reductions in off-fault rigidity only partially heal, leading to a cumulative, permanent rigidity loss over multiple seismic cycles. Consequently, the fault zone width and rigidity eventually stabilize, reaching a mature state with a large cumulative fault slip.\n\nIn Chapter 4, I apply this earthquake coevolution model to examine the role of weak fault zone deformation on the generation of multiscale seismicity. The results demonstrate that relatively weak fault zones (i.e., when surrounding rocks have a low internal friction coefficient) facilitate the production of both large and small earthquakes, reproducing key earthquake scaling relations observed in nature, such as power-law magnitude-frequency distribution, magnitude-invariant static stress drop, and non-linear fracture energy scaling in a unified framework. These findings highlight the fundamental role of the coevolution of earthquakes and fault zone inelastic deformation in controlling earthquake behaviors.\n\nIn conclusion, these findings highlight the significant role that fault friction and fault zone deformation play in governing earthquake nucleation, slip behavior, and earthquake scaling relations. Particularly, by capturing the coevolution of fault slip and fault zone deformation over multiple seismic cycles, Chapters 3 and 4 underscore the fundamental importance of fault zone inelastic deformation in shaping earthquake dynamics beyond fault friction and rock elasticity. The spontaneously generated inelastic deformation dissipates elastic strain energy and acts as natural rupture barriers to modulate earthquake size. The coevolution of fault slip and fault zone inelastic deformation provides an efficient way to generate fault stress heterogeneity and a wide spectrum of earthquake size over multiple seismic cycles. These insights offer new directions for interpreting natural fault systems and assessing seismic hazards.",
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        "description":"Zoom link: https:\/\/umich.zoom.us\/j\/99268139971\n\nCirculation patterns in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) have an outsized impact on the global climate system. Southeasterly trade winds force upwelling along the equator and the South American coastline, maintaining a regional \u2018cold tongue\u2019 that outgasses large fluxes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Shifts in the intensity of EEP upwelling can moderate the development and decay of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the largest source of interannual climate variability on Earth. Leading Earth system models predict ENSO impacts to intensify under anthropogenic greenhouse warming, but rely on scarce observations of its historical variability.\n\nIn this dissertation, I leverage oxygen isotopic (\u03b418O) and trace elemental measurements of aragonitic coral skeletons from the Gal\u00e1pagos archipelago to investigate EEP oceanographic conditions in the past and present. Geochemical tracers in scleractinian coral skeletons are powerful archives of past temperature and circulation patterns. At Gal\u00e1pagos, a globally significant biodiversity hotspot in the EEP, these environmental signals are closely linked to ENSO variability.\n\nThe relative abundance of strontium (Sr\/Ca) within Porites lobata corals varies as an inverse function of seawater temperature, as does their \u03b418O composition. In Chapter 2, I generate Sr\/Ca and \u03b418O records from subfossil Gal\u00e1pagos P. lobata to reconstruct ENSO variability at 4000 years before present (BP). Whereas \u03b418O records from the central equatorial Pacific document weakened ENSO between 5000-3000 BP, my results demonstrate robust, negatively skewed ENSO variance, amplified relative to that over the preindustrial last millennium. This contrast illuminates a shift in the spatial profile of ENSO at 4000 BP, with cold La Ni\u00f1a events intensifying and developing farther east in response to orbital forcing.\n\nDramatic shifts in ENSO variability often manifest due to changes in equatorial upwelling patterns. In Chapter 3, I investigate the sensitivity of barium (Ba\/Ca), cadmium (Cd\/Ca), and phosphorus (P\/Ca) concentrations in P. lobata corals to upwelled water supply in the Gal\u00e1pagos archipelago. I statistically decompose vertical velocity data from an ocean physics reanalysis product to reveal two independent modes of regional upwelling associated with the shoaling Equatorial Undercurrent and the southeasterly trade winds, respectively. The coral geochemical tracers document contrasting variance patterns at separate island sites, consistent with distinct regional expressions of these overlapping upwelling patterns. Although coral Ba\/Ca and Cd\/Ca generally covary within a record, implying a shared environmental driver, P\/Ca results are less informative.\n\nPrior analyses have suggested that physiological artefacts can overprint environmental signals in coral Ba\/Ca records, limiting proxy fidelity. In Chapter 4, I evaluate the influence of skeletal density and linear extension rate on Ba\/Ca ratios from a large assemblage of living and subfossil Gal\u00e1pagos corals. 83% of the Ba\/Ca records analyzed demonstrate no annual covariance with these physiological parameters, linked to coral calcification rate. However, mean Ba\/Ca ratios are typically reduced in faster growing records, consistent with the Rayleigh fractionation model of element partitioning. Similarly, annual Ba\/Ca values in one record correlate inversely with extension, driving periodic offsets from an overlapping record. These results indicate that Ba\/Ca records should be screened for physiological artefacts ahead of their application.\n\nAltogether, this dissertation provides a robust assessment of coral geochemical proxies and their utility in reconstructing oceanographic conditions in the EEP. Whereas temperature-sensitive tracers can demonstrably be leveraged to reconstruct the variance and asymmetry of historical ENSO, upwelling proxies are best paired with regional circulation data for faithful interpretation.",
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