This paper provides the first in-depth study of the organization of knowledge in multi-national firms. The paper develops a theoretical model that studies how firms optimally split knowledge between their headquarters and their production plants if communication costs impede the access of production plants to headquarter knowledge. The paper assumes that the foreign plants of multinational firms face higher communication costs with headquarters than their domestic plants, and shows that multinational firms therefore systematically assign more knowledge to both their foreign and domestic plants than non-multinationals. This helps explain why multinational firms pay higher wages to their production workers than non-multinational firms, and why their sales and their investment probability decrease across space. Empirical evidence from novel data on corporate transferees confirms the model predictions for multinationals’ organization of knowledge. Comprehensive data on German multinational firms corroborate the model implications in relation to the geography of multinationals’ sales and investments.