Abstract:
We present a natural field experiment designed to measure other–regarding preferences in the market for taxis. We employed testers of varying ethnicity to take a number of predetermined taxi journeys. In each case we endowed them with only 80% of the expected fare. Testers revealed the amount they could afford to pay to the driver mid-journey and asked for a portion of the journey for free. In a 2×2 between–subjects design we vary the length of the journey and the salience of a potential repeated interaction. We find that the majority of drivers give at least part of the journey for free and over 25% complete the journey. Giving is found to be proportional to the length of the journey, and the drivers’ reputational concerns do not explain their behaviour. Evidence of strong out–group negativity against black testers by both white and South–Asian drivers is also reported. In order to link our empirical analysis to behavioural theory we estimate the parameters of a number of utility functions. The data and the structural analysis lend support to the quantitative predictions of experiments that measure other–regarding preferences, and shed further light on how discrimination can manifest itself within our preferences.