Coerced labor was a defining feature of the early modern world. While Atlantic slavery has received most scholarly attention, Eastern European serfdom remains comparatively understudied. Twentieth-century historiography portrayed it as relatively meek system. In his book Chamstwo, Kacper Pobłocki challenges this view by exposing the profound brutality of serfdom. As Adam Bućkiewicz observed in 1830, Polish serfs “lived as if enveloped in a foggy, heavy, and putrid atmosphere.” Pobłocki argues that peasant culture emerged as a creative response to systemic class violence—for instance, the ritual cultivation of matted hair, the Polish plait, functioned as a form of vernacular therapy.

Around 19 percent of Poles today suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder—a rate exceeding the global average of 5 to 10 percent. This is typically attributed to World War II, yet Pobłocki’s research suggests that its roots reach deeper. In the sequel to Chamstwo, he examines how the first generation of peasants freed from serfdom coped with the psychological burden of their parents’ subjugation, revealing how they developed strategies to free themselves from its legacy. Remarkably, these strategies—devised by largely illiterate peasants at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries—anticipate contemporary psychological insights into trauma recovery.

Kacper Pobłocki is a social anthropologist, writer, and associate professor at the University of Warsaw. He is a graduate of the Central European University and a former fellow at the Center for Place, Culture and Politics at CUNY (directed by David Harvey). He has published academic articles in journals such as the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research and has authored two books in Polish: Spatial Origins of Capitalism (2017), which received the “Economicus” Award for the best Polish economics book of the year, and Chamstwo (2021), which was a finalist for the “Nike” —Poland’s most prestigious literary award. His current work intersects historical anthropology and psychology and deals with the experience of serfdom and its social, political and psychological aftermath.

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