Abstract: The seminar title is taken from Collins book co-authored with Martha Crump. The presentation integrates the science (theory and empirical work), ethics, and policy issues surrounding the six causes of amphibian decline/extinction. At the heart of the talk is a discussion of the theory surrounding the role of pathogens in decline vs. extinction and how our work on ranaviruses and the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium contributes to our understanding of when to expect decline as opposed to decline to extinction.