Although the overwhelming majority of Egyptian Jewry left the country in waves from 1948 to 1967, their presence continues to be noticeable in Egyptian culture. During the second half of the twentieth century, unfavorable portrayals of Jews appeared in a period of time marked by turmoil and conflict between Egypt and the nascent state of Israel. Representations of Jews in contemporary Egyptian literary works, however, mark a shift from portrayals influenced by the Arab-Israeli conflict which internalized negative Jewish stereotypes. Twenty-first century novelistic productions, however, invoked Jewish portrayals to shape Egypt as a multiethnic and multicultural society of which Jews were an integral part.