“Pathological” was a damning term frequently applied to the visual art of Viennese modernism. Yet while the nudes of Klimt, Schiele, Kokoschka, and others diverged sharply from the classical pictorial tradition, they emerged alongside a contemporaneous trend: the increasing presence of medical imagery in the city’s visual vernacular. In the decades after 1900, the bodies of working-class Viennese—women and children, in particular—came to occupy a central place in films, lectures, exhibitions, and literature. A medicalized gaze, this lecture argues, was fostered by a complex Viennese social network of physicians, artists, writers, and politicians—all of whom staked their claims on women's bodies to vastly different ends.