Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is frequently utilized during surgical procedures that place the brain, spine, or other neural elements at risk. The goals of neuromonitoring are first, to provide neuroprotection to the patient by warning the surgical team of impending injury so that permanent damage can be prevented, and second, to assist with neuronavigation. The ability to ascertain the functional integrity of the nervous system during complex procedures permits surgical approaches that can facilitate safer and more complete treatment of patients. This presentation will give an overview of some fundamental concepts found universally in IONM and then describe more specialized methods utilized in less-frequently encountered procedures. Finally, we will focus our discussion on the use of IONM methods to explore hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) therapy for movement disorders.