There are many definitions of “resistance” to the Holocaust. Was physical resistance always “moral” and “rational?” The relatively rare instances of physical resistance to the Nazis are universally acclaimed. However, in the ghettos of Eastern Europe they were much debated. Such resistance was morally ambiguous and may not have been “rational” because it provoked massive reprisals. As there was no chance to defeat the Germans, were compliance with Nazi orders and working for them more “rational,” since that might have saved at least some?